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- Anwar E. Ahmed [7]
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- 1College of Medicine, Al-Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia [2]
- 1College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia [1]
- 1King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia [1]
- 2College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia [1]
- 2College of Public Health and Health Informatics, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia [1]
- 2Department of Anesthesia, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia [1]
- 2Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Abdulaziz Medical City-Riyadh, Ministry of National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia [1]
- 3College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al Ahsaa, Saudi Arabia [1]
- 3College of Public Health and Health Informatics, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia [1]
- 3Department of Epidemiology, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia [1]
- 3Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia [1]
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- 4College of Public Health and Health Informatics, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia [1]
- 5College of Public Health and Health Informatics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia [1]
- 5King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia [1]
- 6King Abdullah Specialist Children Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia [1]
- Al-Maarefa College for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia [1]
- Ambulatory Care Services, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia [1]
- Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia [1]
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia [1]
- General Surgery Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia [1]
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), College of Public Health and Health Informatics, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia [1]
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia [1]
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia [1]
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Validation of Arabic versions of three sleep surveys
Background: Research on sleep health is lacking in developing countries particularly among the Sudanese population. This contributes to a number of social and safety risks such as workplace injury daytime sleepiness automobile accidents and more. The current study aims to validate three Arabic questionnaires related to sleep health namely the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS). Methods: A random sample of 83 Sudanese participants was surveyed for the purpose of testing the reliability and validity of the Arabic version of the ESS ISI and RLS. The present study used exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of item scores to examine a potential single-factor structure of the ESS ISI and RLS. Reliability and validity of the instruments were assessed by internal consistency and construct validity respectively. Results: The internal consistency within the ESS ISI and RLS subscales was high with Cronbach's alpha of 0.84 0.87 and 0.94 respectively. EFA results showed the RLS and ISI scales were dominated by a single-factor structure that explained at least 84.2% and 65.70% respectively of the total variance. The ESS required a two-factor solution that explained 64.5% of the total variance so the single-factor structure does not appear to be a good measure of the Arabic version of the ESS. Conclusion: The Arabic versions of the ESS ISI and RLS are valid and reliable tools. The RLS and ISI seem to have better psychometric properties than the ESS.
Association between omeprazole use and Clostridium difficile infection among hospitalized patients: A case–control study of the Saudi population
Background: While few international studies have assessed the association between omeprazole use and the risk of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) research into this is lacking in Saudi Arabia and the Middle East region. The aim of this study was to determine whether exposure to omeprazole is associated with the risk of Clostridium difficile infection in a sample of hospitalized Saudi patients. Methodology: A retrospective matched case–control study was conducted at the King Abdulaziz Medical City in Riyadh Saudi Arabia from 1 August 2010 through 31 July 2015. The analysis included a total of 200 patients: 100 CDI cases and 100 matched controls. Results: The majority (60% 120 out of 200) of patients had received proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and a minority (18.5% 37 out of 200) had received omeprazole. The PPI use was insignificantly higher in CDI cases than in controls. However the use of omeprazole was significantly higher in CDI cases compared with controls. Specifically patients receiving omeprazole were two times more likely to develop CDI compared with controls (aOR = 2.1 95% confidence interval (CI) = (1.007–4.437)). After adjusting for potential predictors of CDI watery diarrhea (aOR = 59.1 95% CI = 19.831–175.974) and abdominal pain (aOR = 7.5 95% CI = 2.184–25.445) were found to be independent predictors of CDI. Conclusions: The data suggests that PPIs were commonly used in patients admitted to King Abdulaziz Medical City in Riyadh: six out of ten patients received PPIs. The findings support a possible association between the use of omeprazole and a high risk of CDI. To confirm causality the link between omeprazole and CDI should be assessed in a large interventional study.
The prevalence of psychological impact on caregivers of hospitalized patients: The forgotten part of the equation
Introduction: Despite the large number of caregivers suffering from various psychiatric disorders research on psychological symptoms among caregivers of hospitalized patients is lacking in Saudi populations. Objectives: The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of depression anxiety and stress among caregivers of hospitalized Saudi patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study of depression anxiety and stress among caregivers of hospitalized patients was conducted. Arabic speaking caregivers (n = 353) between the ages of 14 and 80 years were included in the study. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21) test (Arabic version) was used to measure the three psychological symptoms. Results: The study has shown high rates of depression anxiety and stress among caregivers (72.8% 76.5% and 61.5% respectively). Depression was found to be associated with long-term hospital stay (81.4% vs. 69.3%; p-value = 0.021) and family caregivers (75.4% vs. 46.9% p-value = 0.001). Anxiety was found to be associated with family caregivers (78.8% vs. 53.1%; p-value = 0.001). The three psychological symptoms were higher among those with an age above 20 years old (p-value < 0.05). Multivariate logistic models show the risk of the psychological symptoms increased with low-income higher education immediate relation to the patient and older caregivers. Conclusions: The findings suggest that the prevalence of depression anxiety and stress symptoms were very common among caregivers. The results showed that approximately 8 out of 10 caregivers suffer from at least one psychiatric disorder. Older low socioeconomic status and well-educated caregivers were identified as being at higher risk of developing psychiatric symptoms.
Motives for - and prevalence of - cesarean delivery on maternal request: A survey in Saudi Arabia
Background: Although cesarean delivery on maternal request (CDMR) has been associated with an increase in the frequency of cesarean sections (CSs) there is a lack of studies reporting the frequency of CDMR in Saudi Arabia. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of and the motives for CDMR and identify its associated factors. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between March and June 2017 on 364 pregnant women who planned a CS at King Abdulaziz Medical City in Riyadh. The characteristics of the women and their motives for undergoing a CS for the current pregnancy term were collected. Results: The prevalence of CDMR was found to be 13.7% (50/364) [95% confidence interval (CI): 10.370%–17.706%]. Older maternal age ( ≥ 40 years) [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 3.9; p = 0.019] family history of CS (aOR = 2.9; p = 0.038) non-Saudi nationality (aOR = 5.0; p = 0.050) and receiving education or medical information about the possibility of delivering by CS (aOR = 13.7; p = 0.030) were significantly associated with a higher prevalence of CDMR. As the number of previous CSs increased by one (aOR = 0.6; p = 0.011) the odds of CDMR decreased by 40%. The most common motives for demanding a CS in the absence of medical indications were avoiding labor or possible complications from vaginal birth (60%) and fear of pain on vaginal delivery (46%). Conclusions: A high prevalence of CDMR was documented at King Abdulaziz Medical City especially among women of older maternal age having a family history of CS of non-Saudi nationality and who received education or medical information about the possibility of delivering by CS. Counseling programs might be helpful for pregnant women who fear pain in vaginal delivery or have had a previous traumatic birth experience.
Health promotion practices as perceived by primary healthcare professionals at the Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Saudi Arabia
Introduction: In recent years several research studies have investigated health promotion practices in Saudi healthcare organizations yet no published literature exists on health promotion practices of primary healthcare professionals working for the Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a convenience sample of 206 primary healthcare professionals at the MNG-HA. A self-reporting questionnaire was used to investigate the attitudes awareness satisfaction and methods regarding health promotion practices of primary healthcare professionals. Results: Of the 206 primary healthcare professionals surveyed 58.1% reported awareness of health promotion programs conducted in the hospitals and 64.6% reported that the health promotion system in the hospitals needs to be improved. Language barriers and cultural beliefs were viewed as obstacles to carrying out effective health promotion by 65% and 64.6% of primary healthcare professionals respectively. The majority (79.9%) of the primary healthcare professionals perceived themselves as having the necessary skills to promote health and 80.6% believed that printed educational materials are the most prevalent method of health promotion/education whereas 55.8% reported that counseling was the most preferred method of health promotion. Conclusion: The awareness level of health promotion policies strategies and programs conducted in the hospitals was not found to be satisfactory. Therefore widespread training programs are recommended to improve the health promotion system in the hospitals. These programs include facilitating behavioral change introducing health promotion policies and strategies in hospitals mandatory workshops and systematic reminders.
Attitude of Saudi Arabian adults towards consanguineous marriage
Background: Research on the attitudes of Saudi adults towards consanguinity is scarce. The study aimed to explore the attitudes towards consanguinity and its associations with socio-demographic characteristics in a sample of Saudi adults. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire. A total of 386 outpatient waiting-area attendees at King Abdul-Aziz Medical City-Riyadh were included. Participants were asked about their socio-demographic characteristics attitude towards consanguinity and the reasons behind this. Results: The positive attitude towards consanguinity among the study respondents was 48.1% with 95% confidence interval (42.91–53.33%). Social and traditional culture (59.9%) were found to be the predominant reasons for favoring consanguinity in Saudi Arabia. Evidence against a positive attitude towards consanguinity was noted in respondents who received medical information about consanguinity versus those who had not received medical information (42.3% vs. 57% p-value = 0.008). According to the multivariate logistic model the odds of a positive attitude towards consanguinity were 2 times higher for males (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 2.2; 95% CI: 1.147 4.290) and 4.1 times higher in respondents in consanguineous marriages (aOR: 4.1; 95% CI: 2.350 7.156). The odds of a positive attitude towards consanguinity were 50% less in respondents who received health information on consanguinity compared to those who had not received health information about consanguinity (aOR: 0.50; 95% CI: 0.253 0.863). Conclusion: One in every two Saudi adults favors consanguinity however Saudi men and women differ in their attitudes towards consanguinity. Receiving health information on consanguinity was associated with a negative attitude towards this practice.
Impact of age on postoperative complications following bariatric surgery
Background: The impact of age on complications following bariatric surgery remains unclear. Research is therefore warranted among previously unstudied populations of bariatric surgery patients. The aim of the current study was to assess the impact of age on postoperative complications following bariatric surgery in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This retrospective study included 301 patients who underwent bariatric surgery between January 2011 and July 2016. Patients were classified into three groups according to age: < 25 years; 25–36 years; and >36 years. Primary outcomes were determined by identifying the number of complications reported during a period of 180 days. The negative binomial model was used to assess the relationship between age and the high rate of postoperative complications following adjustment for confounding variables. Results: The incidence of overall complications was 10.1% in the < 25-year age group 15% in the 25–36-year age group and 24.2% in the >36-year age group. After adjusting for confounding variables it was discovered that the risk of postoperative complications increases with age. The risk was higher in the >36-year age group than in the >25-year age group [adjusted relative rate (aRR) = 2.35; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.046–5.290; p = 0.039]. Diabetes (aRR = 3.27) adjustable gastric bands (aRR = 3.40) and a more lengthy hospital stay (aRR = 1.23) were associated with increased rates of postoperative complications. Conclusion: Age is independently associated with a high rate of postoperative complications following bariatric surgery. The results showed that patients with diabetes those using adjustable gastric bands and those with longer length of hospital stay had significantly higher incidence of postoperative complications. These findings indicate the need for risk stratification tools to evaluate patients as candidates for bariatric surgery and to use as a guide for identifying optimal preoperative factors.